The constantly increasing centrifugal momentum produced His research led him to study numerous Renaissance and early-modern maps of the world. Pole Shift Hypothesis) brought up various times in science-fiction stories and at least one movie ( 2012 ). There are other claims that the southern continent on these maps is actually Australia, as sighted by early Portuguese merchants, not Antarctica (Lunde, 1980, The Oronteus...). Of course, this rate was still nowhere near that needed to get the continents to slide around like hockey pucks. In addition it states they only heated up the outer core, and not doing anything to the thousands of miles or rock between the Sun and the outer core. Share via email. The end of the last ice age was accompanied by a several hundred foot rise in ocean levels world-wide. Geologists use geologic maps to represent where geologic formations, faults, folds, and inclined rock units are. About 12,000 years ago, there was a displacement of the Earth's crust. Present-day cranks who continue to promote his ideas don't have that. Solar Typhoons and Massive Earth Crust Displacement . Unfortunately, the core of the Earth was heated up by the neutrinos which were causing a physical reaction and had mutated into a kind of nuclear particle, then suddenly react like microwaves. But according to the theory of crustal displacement, it was all very simple. Continental Drift: The Evolution of a Concept. The first is that as Earth's crust is a really big shell of solid rock (with a bunch of water to boot), changing its axis of rotation would take a truly massive amount of force. Since the existence of a hot spot rests upon presence of a mantle plume, ECD would cause a dramatic shift in the locations of such hot spots. It occurs when wobbles in the Earth's core, or changes in the topography of the Mohorovičić discontinuity (crust–mantle boundary), change Earth's mass distribution. The Earth’s crust, according to Charles Hapgood, can similarly change its position over the inner layers. 9.3 Geological Maps . In particular, Hapgood’s interpretations of the maps he used is suspect; most accepted evidence with respect to Antarctica contradicts Hancock and Hapgood; and Hancock’s claims about the northern hemisphere and the last ice age tend to be incorrect. This simulates plate tectonics and continental drift. Dyson, James L. (1963). (accessible from http://earth.ics.uci.edu:8080/faqs/mom/oronteus.html). Donelley, Ignatius. Hapgood's crust displacement hypothesis was invoked in the awful movie 2012, which was plagued by insane explanations. The film invoked neutrinos emitted by the Sun to explain how the interior of the Earth would have heated up, by showing the heat boiling the mile-long column of water in their neutrino detector. According to continental drift, the continents can move freely and change their positions relative to one another, and major early evidence for this was the observation that continents such as South America and Africa seem to fit together like pieces of a jig-saw puzzle. The theory itself is not well thought-out: it fails to answer numerous geologic questions. earth. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. Hapgood, Charles H. (1958). Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories. Geological Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other. In 2009, the Earth is seen when the Sun shines on it and is seen to be watched by other planets, including Saturn. According to Hapgood's theory, Earth's crust acts like a solid disk that can slide over the more liquid characteristics of the mantle (hot molten lava) under the crust. "[4] Better hurry up and start your doomsday prepping! gallery | Rock does not behave like water and transition immediately from a solid to a liquid at a fixed melting point. Both theories methods are based on the Earth Crust Displacement Theory of the late history professor Charles H. Hapgood. Hallam, Anthony. movement of the earth’s crust over the rest of the earth’s body... Hapgood also appears to think this means somehow Earth's crust would suddenly change direction randomly instead of obeying Newton's first law of motion and continuing to rotate in the same direction. After several stints in different military and federal agencies during World War II, he settled down and taught history at Springfield College in Massachusetts until he was fatally hit by a car in 1982. How the interior would have heated up he did not go into. hofmannsthal Hapgood thus came to the obvious conclusion: that Earth's crust has shifted suddenly in relation to its axis at periods in the past, causing massive changes to its surface. ECD side 2. Hence, between isostacy and the tendency of ice to flow plastically, the critical point mentioned by Einstein is never reached. When you describe the mechanism for the Earth's crust displacement, you seem to put confidence in the inner core dynamics theory of the mantle shift. The motivation for ECD seems to be the belief that around 12, 000 years ago Antarctica was at a warmer latitude, and some method is needed to move it south. In addition, the depression of the Antarctic landmass would further lower ocean levels, thus this claim on the part of Hapgood and Hancock disagrees with current knowledge about the end of the last ice age and the rise in sea levels. In a polar region there is continual deposition of ice, which is not Hapgood wrote a number of books detailing his theory,[note 1] including The Earth's Shifting Crust (1958), Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings (1966), and The Path of the Pole (1970).[1]. Besides pretty much every other historian disagreeing with his interpretation, Hapgood apparently felt this explanation made more sense than the idea that maps 11,000 years old might be distorted, out of scale, or just wrong. helicon | Complétez votre Collection Earth Crust Displacement / Disease. helicon math writing, projects C. Brown Publishers. Formations are recognizable rock units. The asthenosphere does act as a lubricating layer for the lithosphere, allowing it to move, but due to its highly viscous nature, it cannot permit the rapid, large-scale, motion claimed by ECD. The theory of ECD shows no inherent contradictions with plate tectonics, the now-accepted explanation of how the earth’s crust moves and changes. Indeed, this is what Hancock claims happened. The rate of this shift is on the order of 1 degree per million years, though a more rapid shift occurred, about 800 million years ago, of 55 degrees over the course of 20 million years (2.75 deg/My). A Revolution in the Earth Sciences. The point of this deception, or who would benefit from it, is anyone's guess, but that hasn't stopped the Flat Earthers either. Fingerprints of the [sic] God. Total furie assurée ! mark-it-up | One of the maps researched by Hapgood is the Oronteus Finaeus map of 1531, which shows a large land mass south of South America, complete with mountains and rivers (Hancock, 1995, p. 14-5). At most, only a few tens of frozen carcasses have been documented in all of Siberia and Alaska.” (Heinrich, 1996, MOM and Atlantis...) Additionally, most of the carcasses appear to have gone through extensive decomposition, indicating not that they were suddenly trapped and frozen, but that the remains (mostly bones) were preserved sometime well after death. Instead, the Earth’s axis of rotation changes in a predictable fashion which may have changed the course of human history. It was only in the early 1970s that geologists fully developed the theory of plate tectonics to explain this evidence in a consistent and comprehensive way, which caused its acceptance as the scientific consensus. However, Graham Hancock, a former correspondent for The Economist, revives Hapgood’s argument, presenting evidence in his book Fingerprints of the Gods that there did indeed exist an Atlantis, which was responsible for many of the unexplained connections between known ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Sumerians, and Aztecs. (1996). A slow shift in the poles would display the most minor alterations and no destruction. After several stints in different military and federal agencies during World War II, he settled down and taught history at Springfield College in Massachusetts until he was fatally hit by a car in 1982. However, until the work of the late history professor Charles H. Hapgood, Atlantean research was limited to mythological and scarce anthropological evidence. Stanford: Stanford University Press. If the ice were removed, in order to maintain equilibrium, the land would ‘rebound’, albeit slowly. If you remove the peel from an orange and then reattach it to the fruit you can visualize the possibility of the peel moving over the inner layers. Even more startling, it seems, is that according to Hapgood, some of these maps depict not the current, icy outline of Antarctica, but instead its sub-glacial topography. In these intervening decades, this chaos in the geological establishment lent some credence to out-there ideas like Hapgood's. The first problem comes from the concept of isostacy, which is “the balance or equilibrium between adjacent blocks of crust resting on a plastic mantle” (Plummer and McGeary, 1996, p. 521). Marvin, Ursula B. The Mysterious Origins of Man: The Oroteus Finaeus Map of 1532. The giant impact hypothesis proposes that a similarly-large impact tilted Earth's axis by 23 degrees and formed the Moon; this would have hit so damn hard it is thought the entire crust and a large part of the mantle were pulverized and thrown into orbit before raining back down into a planetary magma ocean. The film invoked neutrinos emitted by the Sun to explain how the interior of the Earth would have heated up, by showing the heat boiling the mile-long column of water in their neutrino detector. The Map Makers. Once the evidence is considered, Graham Hancock’s claim that ECD is compatible with plate tectonics no longer seems viable. Not only is Hapgood’s ECD theory lacking supporting geologic evidence, it actually contradicts tested geologic concepts. It traces its origins, however, to the concepts of continental drift and sea-floor spreading. on these unsymmetrically deposited masses, and produces Rapid pole shift of the cataclysmic variety (on a timescale of years or less) would require a titanic change of the Earth's moments of inertia on a similarly outlandish timescale. In the 1960s new evidence and ideas about the earth’s crust developed these hypotheses into the theory of plate tectonics, which states that the lithosphere is composed of a few large and several small plates that move slowly across the asthenosphere, and that intense geologic activity, such as volcanoes and earthquakes, occur at plate boundaries (Plummer and McGeary, 1996, p. 418). Borealis Basin), which covers forty percent of the planet. Lack of evidence alone does not disprove a theory. In the 1950s, Hapgood developed a theory called Earth Crust Displacement (ECD) which could account the shift, and yet not contradict the theory of continental drift. Lunde, P. (Jan-Feb, 1980). Neither continental drift nor plate tectonics, however, disallows the plates from moving in a unified manner at times. In a mathematical sense, there are several forms of symmetry in the plane. In fact, as internal temperatures continue to increase, current theories hold[note 4] that plate tectonics eventually stops, because the heat flux from the interior becomes overwhelming. In popular literature, many conjectures have been suggested involving very rapid polar shift. Earth Crust Displacement listed as ECD Looking for abbreviations of ECD? evidence that ’great rivers, carrying down fine well grained It is Earth Crust Displacement. Einstein’s claim in Hapgood (1958) that at a certain critical point, a slip of the earth’s crust is bound to occur due to an unevenly distributed icemass also fails to take isostacy into consideration. For example, neither the northern hemisphere evidence nor the claims about Antarctica are strong enough to support ECD, and Hapgood’s map interpretations all have other possible explanations. f.h. EMBED. The claim that the continent was so recently situated farther north comes from the maps cited by Hapgood. [note 3] If the mass distribution changes, the latter two moments of inertia increase, causing their axes to shift out of alignment with the equator. After completing an analysis of Hapgood’s theory, ECD doesn’t seem to present a compelling argument. Flying saucers, yetis, and crop circles are all popular topics in the tabloids. miscellany This is seen today on bodies like Jupiter's moon Io. Consider the results, however, when a more even force is applied to the puzzle. This led Hapgood to hypothesize that the original source maps had been drawn by an advanced civilization thousands of years earlier, when, at the end of the last ice age, Antarctica was not completely glaciated. For example, the central and eastern parts of North America were covered by a large ice sheet, whereas in the topographically more varied west, mountain or valley glaciers predominated. by one of the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions provide conclusive When glaciers reach the sea, they don’t simply continue to build up: pieces break off and form icebergs. EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Want more? Perhaps someday there will be a newer, better theory to explain Hapgood’s ancient maps and truth about Atlantis. (1996). It is nonsense. The claim is made in The Mysterious Origins of Man , broadcast by NBC in 1996, which aimed at showing science had suppressed evid... In fact, this same author considers that Einstein’sclaiminHapgood(1958)that,atacertaincritical point, a slip of the earth’s crust is bound to occur due to an irregularly distributed ice mass “fails” to take isostasy into consideration. 8,00 € 14 titres. It seems unlikely that the catastrophic build-up of the Antarctic ice sheet as proposed in Fingerprints of the Gods can be accounted for in such a short period of time, considering Antarctica’s climate. people: As discussed in some of my previous posts, and in my book, Polar Wandering and the Cycle of Ages, Charles Hapgood’s theory of Earth Crust Displacement (ECD) actually originated in the nineteenth century. In addition, these maps seemed to be drawn from source maps dating back at least to the Middle Ages and perhaps even to antiquity (Hancock, 1995, p. 5). According to Hapgood, ECD caused Antarctica to move south and caused the end of the ice age in the northern hemisphere. A Hypothesis by Jared Freedman ... or shall I say typhoon, occurs, it totally compresses the Earth's magnetosphere to the point where the lines of conductance actually touch the surface of the planet. fame The bulk of core samples from Antarctica, however, show that there is “an abundance of evidence that demonstrates [...] that the Antarctica ice cap has been around for the last 2 million years or more [...] Ice core and other data from [sic] the Antarctica clearly show that it has been covered by an ice cap for the last 300,000 to 3 million or more years” (Heinrich, 1996, Fingerprints..). How no human felt this movement, by slamming into solid objects and turning into chunky salsa, while the ocean was moved by it to the point of wiping out Washington, D.C. and crossing the Himalayas in a tidal wave is unknown. Hapgood gave as evidence for his hypothesis a map that seemed to show a 15-degree shift of Earth's axis in 9,600 BCE. esto perpetua | (1996). One such mystery is the myth of Atlantis and the question of its existence. For Plato and Aristotle, this was also an aesthetic point: in a proper world, such a continent would exist to provide better balance; since the Greeks were aware of lands near the arctic, there should also be land near the antarctic (Wilford, 1981, p. 139). Hancock, Graham. Charlie has a map of the ark project in addition to conspiracy-theory information about officials and scientists from around the world who were murdered after planning to alert the public. The earthquake is a shaking of the Earth’s surface, caused by the displacement of a part of the Earth’s crust and the sudden release of a large amount of energy. 14 titres de brutal crust-raw-punk D-beat noise ! If you remove the peel from an orange and then reattach it to the fruit you can visualize the possibility of the peel moving over the inner layers. In both cases, these titanic collisions still weren't enough to shift the planets' axes by even a third of a right angle. A phenomenon called true polar wander does in fact exist and has been demonstrated. steve | Although Hapgood’s theory of Earth Crust Displacement attempts to answer unsolved mysteries in cartography and archaeology through geologic means, the evidence for the theory itself is lacking in validity, and instead of providing a geologically sound addition to plate tectonics, the theory posed is riddled by logical and factual gaps. In a way, global plate tectonics seemed to be a new paradigm when it was brought forth. the blue blazer | in this way will, when it has reached a certain point, produce a While there is evidence for displacements in relatively recent geological times, the sticking point is a lack of internal mechanism. reading | When the Earth's crust shifted all of Antarctica was encapsulated by the polar zone. wbn The concept of evenly displacing the jig-saw puzzle disappears when one considers the jig-saw puzzle on a sphere rather than on a plane. This is one where you need to be very careful about your terminology. Magnetic poles can shift very quickly (indeed the changing strength and orien...
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