During the 1980s the democratic restoration made possible a growing open society. Scholars use a number of criteria, such as the criterion of independent attestation, the criterion of coherence, and the criterion of discontinuity to judge the historicity of events. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. The Iberians inhabited the Mediterranean side of the peninsula, from the northeast to the southeast. Wallia extended his rule over most of the peninsula, keeping the Suebians shut up in Galicia. One of the most famous is San Fermín, in Pamplona. The PSOE was replaced in government by the Partido Popular (PP) in 1996 after scandals around participation of the government of Felipe González in the Dirty war against ETA; at that point the PSOE had served almost 14 consecutive years in office. [474], Christians revere not only Jesus himself, but also his name. and FC Barcelona are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. Then Judas comes with an armed mob, sent by the chief priests, scribes and elders. [244], Spanish (español)— recognised in the constitution as Castilian (castellano)—is the official language of the entire country, and it is the right and duty of every Spaniard to know the language. [25] Jesus' Jewish critics considered his ministry to be scandalous because he feasted with sinners, fraternized with women, and allowed his followers to pluck grain on the Sabbath. [539] Thereafter, despite the lack of biblical references or historical records, a wide range of depictions of Jesus appeared during the last two millennia, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam,[258] Judaism,[259] and evangelical Christianity[260] is also recognised in law. The Spanish State is divided into 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities, both groups being the highest or first-order administrative division in the country. [73], The Spanish colonisation of the Americas started with the colonisation of the Caribbean. Only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy. [67] The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados), a lower house with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and the Senate (Senado), an upper house with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote, using a limited voting method, and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms. [103], The proportion of Spain's foreign born population increased rapidly during its economic boom in the early 2000s, but then declined due to the financial crisis. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the separation of Portugal and the United Provinces, and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely destructive, Europe-wide Thirty Years' War. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were Julio González, Pablo Gargallo, Eduardo Chillida, and Pablo Serrano. [12][13], Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically,[f] although the quest for the historical Jesus has yielded some uncertainty on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the Jesus portrayed in the Bible reflects the historical Jesus, as the only records of Jesus' life are contained in the Gospels. Matthew's account is more plausible, but the story reads as though it was invented to identify Jesus as like a new Moses, and the historian Josephus reports Herod the Great's brutality without ever mentioning that he massacred little boys. [108] As prime minister, he continued to implement austerity measures required by the EU Stability and Growth Pact. [409] They serve as a foil to Jesus and to other characters. Doctor Ivo Robotnik, better known by his alias Doctor Eggman, is a human mad scientist and the main antagonist of the series. On the other hand, it is also during the Second Republic when important reforms to modernize the country were initiated: a democratic constitution, agrarian reform, restructuring of the army, political decentralization and women's right to vote. Only a small area in the mountainous north-west of the peninsula managed to resist the initial invasion. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular. While still driven by the national and existential questions that obsessed the writers of '98, they approached these topics with a greater sense of distance and objectivity. Salvador de Madariaga, another prominent intellectual and writer, was one of the founders of the College of Europe and the composer of the constitutive manifest of the Liberal International. The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers presided over by the Prime Minister, who is nominated as candidate by the monarch after holding consultations with representatives from the different parliamentary groups, voted in by the members of the lower house during an investiture session and then formally appointed by the monarch. The Spanish writers are: José Echegaray, Jacinto Benavente, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Vicente Aleixandre and Camilo José Cela. [citation needed], Protestant churches have about 1,200,000 members. [451] During this period, Islamic Spain became a major economic and intellectual center, with the city of Cordoba being among the largest and richest in Europe. The group that has become known as the Generation of 1898 was marked by the destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by US gunboats in 1898, which provoked a cultural crisis in Spain. The capture of the strategically central city of Toledo in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christian kingdoms. The account portrays Jesus as an impostor. Spain has 47 World Heritage Sites. [40][41][42] Muslims believe Jesus was born of a virgin, but was neither God nor a son of God. a supreme court, under the supreme court of Spain, which heads the judiciary in the autonomous community. [92] According to Sanders, it is not plausible that disagreements over how to interpret the Law of Moses and the Sabbath would have led Jewish authorities to want Jesus killed. He then prophesies about the coming destruction, including false prophets, wars, earthquakes, celestial disorders, persecution of the faithful, the appearance of an "abomination of desolation," and unendurable tribulations. [206] In 2005, Spain instituted a three-month amnesty programme through which certain hitherto undocumented aliens were granted legal residency.[207]. Some material has been revised and some created by early Christians. Chapters 14–17 of the Gospel of John are known as the Farewell Discourse and are a significant source of Christological content. The words that I say to you I do not speak on my own; but the Father who dwells in me does his works. [356][357] This archaeological discovery resonates well with the scholarly view that Jesus advocated reciprocal sharing among the destitute in that area of Galilee. In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. [232] The gospel episodes that include descriptions of the miracles of Jesus also often include teachings, and the miracles themselves involve an element of teaching. In Matthew 27:51–54, an earthquake breaks open tombs. [274][275], In the Synoptics, Jesus and his disciples go to the garden Gethsemane, where Jesus prays to be spared his coming ordeal. [300] In Matthew 27:62–66, on the following day the chief Jewish priests ask Pilate for the tomb to be secured, and with Pilate's permission the priests place seals on the large stone covering the entrance. Even so, the sources for Jesus' life are better than sources scholars have for the life of Alexander the Great. "Creche." [359][362] By collating the gospel accounts with historical data and using various other methods, most scholars arrive at a date of birth for Jesus between 6 and 4 BC,[362][363] but some propose estimates that include a wider range. But Sanders points that the two Gospels report completely different and irreconcilable explanations for how that happened. Crop areas were farmed in two highly diverse manners. [342] Inner Spain – Castile – hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based Castilian soup, along with substantial stews such as cocido madrileño. [53][54] In the Gospel of John, the disciple Philip refers to him as "Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth". "[558][w], However, throughout the history of Christianity, a number of relics attributed to Jesus have been claimed, although doubt has been cast on them. [490], Judaic criticism of Jesus is long-standing. [242] For the first time in decades the net migration rate was expected to be negative, and nine out of 10 emigrants were foreigners. Autonomous communities are divided into provinces, which served as their territorial building blocks. Begins with creation, with no birth story. In the same period of time, the number of citizens with Spanish citizenship reached 42,094,606. [197][198] In addition to the Twelve Apostles, the opening of the passage of the Sermon on the Plain identifies a much larger group of people as disciples. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c. 350 BCE.[28]. According to Hasdai Crescas, about 70 Jewish communities were destroyed. In clash with the Portuguese position, Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, and therefore Spain does not accept any extension of the Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone (200 nautical miles) generated by the islands, while acknowledging the Selvagens having territorial waters (12 nautical miles). [118], In general, the authors of the New Testament showed little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age. [203] When Jesus is later arrested, they desert him. Though only about 17% of Spain's cultivated land was irrigated, it was estimated to be the source of between 40 and 45% of the gross value of crop production and of 50% of the value of agricultural exports. [331][332], Approaches to the historical reconstruction of the life of Jesus have varied from the "maximalist" approaches of the 19th century, in which the gospel accounts were accepted as reliable evidence wherever it is possible, to the "minimalist" approaches of the early 20th century, where hardly anything about Jesus was accepted as historical. [69][70] It derives from the Greek Χριστός (Christos),[57][71] a translation of the Hebrew mashiakh (משיח) meaning "anointed", and is usually transliterated into English as "messiah". [229][230] In the Synoptics, when asked by some teachers of the Law and some Pharisees to give miraculous signs to prove his authority, Jesus refuses,[229] saying that no sign shall come to corrupt and evil people except the sign of the prophet Jonah. 1 Season 1 2 Season 2 3 Season 3 4 Season 4 5 Season 5 6 Season 6 7 Season 7 8 Season 8 9 Season 9 10 Season 10 11 Season 11 12 Season 12 13 Season 13 14 Season 14 15 Season 15 16 Season 16 17 Season 17 18 Season 18 19 Season 19 20 Season 20 21 See Also List of Law & Order: Special … "[173] Jesus instructs him to carry on with the baptism "to fulfill all righteousness. Some Gnostics, however, were docetics, believed that Jesus did not have a physical body, but only appeared to possess one. [249][250][251][252], Jesus next expels the money changers from the Second Temple, accusing them of turning it into a den of thieves through their commercial activities. [300][307], Mary Magdalene (alone in the Gospel of John, but accompanied by other women in the Synoptics) goes to Jesus' tomb on Sunday morning and is surprised to find it empty. In the Middle Ages Ramon Llull flourished in Spain. [287][283] The use of the word "king" is central to the discussion between Jesus and Pilate. Mario Camus and Pilar Miró worked together in Curro Jiménez. While others sometimes respond to Jesus with complete faith, his disciples are puzzled and doubtful. [m][132] Various theories have been put forward to explain why the two genealogies are so different. Particularly noteworthy was the development in Almería—one of the most arid and desolate provinces of Spain—of winter crops of various fruits and vegetables for export to Europe. "Luke" pp. [25], The Gospels offer several indications concerning the year of Jesus' birth. [499] Belief in Jesus (and all other messengers of God) is a requirement for being a Muslim. That year the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) came to power, the first left-wing government in 43 years. [104] In 2005 the Spanish government legalised same sex marriage. [182] Before John is imprisoned, Jesus leads his followers to baptize disciples as well,[183] and they baptize more people than John. Most are arrivals in the past century, while some are descendants of earlier Spanish Jews. [268], In all four gospels, Jesus predicts that Peter will deny knowledge of him three times before the rooster crows the next morning. [399], According to Ehrman, Jesus taught that a coming kingdom was everyone's proper focus, not anything in this life. Peter then weeps bitterly.[273][185][269]. The Islamic transmission of the classics is among the main Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population. [326], Early Christians wrote many religious works, including the ones included in the canon of the New Testament. In early Judaism, this absolute form of the title is not found, but only phrases such as "his messiah". Datos provisionales", "Immigrants Fuel Europe's Civilization Clash", "Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs", "Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants", Spain's Jobs Crisis Leaves Immigrants Out of Work, "The Smooth Transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question", "Junta General del Principado de Asturias", "El semanario alemán Stern retrata la cara más oscura de Mallorca", "Educación Primaria │Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional", "Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO)│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional", "Bachillerato│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional", "La Formación Profesional actual en el sistema educativo – TodoFP│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional", "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos", "Federación de Entidades Religiosas Evangélicas de España – FEREDE", "Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas", "Spain at last welcomes back the Sephardim", "Averroes and Maimonides: Master Minds of 12th Century Medieval Thought", "Andalusia | History of Philosophy without any gaps", "Miguel de Unamuno | Spanish educator, philosopher, and author", "10 Most Famous Paintings by Diego Velazquez | Learnodo Newtonic", "Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals", Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain&oldid=1025208897, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1479, States and territories established in 1715, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Catalan-language text, Articles containing Galician-language text, Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles with failed verification from January 2016, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Deputy prime ministers (designated by the Prime Minister): Currently. [124] The accounts were primarily written as theological documents in the context of early Christianity, with timelines as a secondary consideration. [412] He referred to himself as a "son of man" in the colloquial sense of "a person", but scholars do not know whether he also meant himself when he referred to the heavenly "Son of Man". [114] While the flow of some events (such as Jesus' baptism, transfiguration, crucifixion and interactions with the apostles) are shared among the Synoptic Gospels, incidents such as the transfiguration do not appear in John, which also differs on other matters, such as the Cleansing of the Temple. [384][385][386][387][388][389], According to E. P. Sanders, the birth narratives in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke are the clearest case of invention in the Gospel narratives of Jesus' life. The name of "Movimiento Nacional", sometimes understood as a wider structure than the FET y de las JONS proper, largely imposed over the later's name in official documents along the 1950s. [143] John also includes a long sermon by Jesus, preparing his disciples (now without Judas) for his departure. For example, Thomas confirms that Jesus blessed the poor and that this saying circulated independently before being combined with similar sayings in the Q source. [185][186][187] On 9 November 2010, wind energy reached an instantaneous historic peak covering 53% of mainland electricity demand[188] and generating an amount of energy that is equivalent to that of 14 nuclear reactors. Ministers (designated by the Prime Minister). For other uses, see, Proclamation as Christ and Transfiguration, Agony in the Garden, betrayal, and arrest, Trials by the Sanhedrin, Herod, and Pilate. Progressively, other communities in revisions to their Statutes of Autonomy have also taken that denomination in accordance to their historical and modern identities, such as the Valencian Community,[156] the Canary Islands,[157] the Balearic Islands,[158] and Aragon.[159]. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002. Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry his cross. [185], John depicts Jesus' ministry as largely taking place in and around Jerusalem, rather than in Galilee; and Jesus' divine identity is openly proclaimed and immediately recognized. [120], The prologue to the Gospel of John identifies Jesus as an incarnation of the divine Word (Logos). In postbiblical usage, Christ became viewed as a name—one part of "Jesus Christ". [41], According to Qadi al-Nu'man, a famous Muslim jurist of the Fatimid period, Jesus is referred to as the messiah (al-masīḥ) in the Quran because he was sent to the people who responded to him in order to remove (masaḥa) their impurities, the ailments of their faith; whether apparent (ẓāhir) or hidden (bāṭin). Spain (Spanish: España, ()), formally the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean. [62] Almost every aspect of Spanish life is permeated by its Roman heritage, making Spain one of the major Latin countries of Europe. [495] The Mishneh Torah, a late 12th-century work of Jewish law written by Moses Maimonides, states that Jesus is a "stumbling block" who makes "the majority of the world to err and serve a god other than the Lord". This spirit left Jesus' body during the crucifixion, but was rejoined to him when he was raised from the dead. In turn, provinces are divided into municipalities. [43][44] Vikings raided Galicia in 859, during the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias. [46] This provokes Caiaphas to tear his own robe in anger and to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. Jesus ushers in a new covenant with a last supper. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. [300][302][303] Jesus tells the latter: "today you will be with me in Paradise. [151] Jesus responds that his followers are his true family. These writers, along with Ramón del Valle-Inclán, Antonio Machado, Ramiro de Maeztu, and Ángel Ganivet, came to be known as the Generation of '98. "John" pp. [108] Most scholars agree that the authors of Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source for their gospels. The result was a country forced into ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean. A 2019 study shows that of the Spaniards who identify themselves as religious, 62% hardly ever or never go to church, 16% go to church some times a year, 7% some time per month and 13% every Sunday or multiple times per week. [16][17] Spain remained under Roman rule until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fourth century, which ushered in Germanic tribal confederations from Central Europe. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. [46], This was the era of Hellenistic Judaism, which combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Hellenistic Greek culture. [364][368] A further method uses the date of the death of John the Baptist and the marriage of Herod Antipas to Herodias, based on the writings of Josephus, and correlates it with Matthew 14:4 and Mark 6:18. 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Scholars generally consider Tacitus' reference to the execution of Jesus to be both authentic and of historical value as an independent Roman source. [250] Since 1970 to 2014, Spain has had seven different educational laws (LGE, LOECE, LODE, LOGSE, LOPEG, LOE and LOMCE). The Gospels are not biographies in the modern sense, and the authors explain Jesus' theological significance and recount his public ministry while omitting many details of his life. [160][186] This period includes the Sermon on the Mount, one of Jesus' major discourses,[186][187] as well as the calming of the storm, the feeding of the 5,000, walking on water and a number of other miracles and parables. [13] Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. While varieties of football have been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. To see all content on The Sun, please use the Site Map. In the Acts of the Apostles, forty days after the Resurrection, as the disciples look on, "he was lifted up, and a cloud took him out of their sight". [172], In 2010, the Basque city of Bilbao was awarded with the Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize,[173] and its mayor at the time, Iñaki Azkuna, was awarded the World Mayor Prize in 2012. [28], Christian doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit, was born of a virgin named Mary, performed miracles, founded the Christian Church, died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve atonement for sin, rose from the dead, and ascended into Heaven, from where he will return. [280] In Matthew 26:57, Mark 14:53 and Luke 22:54, Jesus is taken to the house of the high priest, Caiaphas, where he is mocked and beaten that night. [528] Some Buddhists, including Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, regard Jesus as a bodhisattva who dedicated his life to the welfare of people. [46], Jesus calls people to repent their sins and to devote themselves completely to God. Spain aims to put one million electric cars on the road by 2014 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost energy efficiency. Matthew traces Jesus' ancestry to Abraham through David.
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